FREQUENCY ANALYSIS OF ACCIDENTAL OIL RELEASES FROM FPSO OPERATIONS IN THE GULF OF MEXICO

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The MMS is investigating the potential impact of the operation of Floating Production, Storage and Offloading installations (FPSOs) in the Gulf of Mexico. One of the concerns of the MMS is the potential negative effect on the environment from accidental oil releases, and in connection with this they have contracted Ecology and Environment to conduct an environmental impact study. Ecology and Environment will calculate the consequences of oil releases on the marine and coastal resources and combine these findings with estimated frequencies of accidental releases. The work to estimating the frequency of accidental oil releases from FPSO operations has been sub-contracted to DNV. This report presents DNV’s findings.
Scope of Work
DNV’s scope of work includes predicting the frequency of unique accidental releases from operation of a generic FPSO in the GoM. The specification for the FPSO is taken from the “Scenario Report, Environmental Impact Statement on Floating, Production, Storage, and Offloading Systems on the Gulf of Mexico Outer Continental Shelf” which provides an outline description of the FPSO and its operation. Where insufficient details are provided in the Scenario Report DNV has used judgement and experience of earlier FPSO risk analyses to supplement the information given. Good practice has been generally assumed.

The scope of the study includes:

• All aspects of operation of the FPSO from the wellheads, through oil and gas production to export of the oil by shuttle tanker, and the gas by pipeline to shore.
• Shuttle tanker transit risks to a shore terminal.
• The various utilities provided by the FPSO required for operation and support of the people manning the installation.
• External and environmental risk factors are also assessed.

The study does not include construction, installation commissioning and decommissioning of the FPSO, nor does it include drilling or work over of the wells. These were specifically excluded from the scope of work by MMS.
In addition to the basecase, the Scenario Report identifies options for the FPSO and its operation that may affect the environmental risk presented. These options have been qualitatively assessed to consider what impact, if any, they have on the overall risk. Also, DNV has identified a number of mitigation measures to reduce the risk due to accidental oil releases.

Margins of safety in FPSO hull strength

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The important factors that should be considered when carrying out ultimate strength analysis are identified and discussed. Specific simplified procedures for determining ultimate strength are reviewed and compared against finite element approaches and probabilistic methods.
Sources of reserve and residual strength in FPSOs are identified and compared to those in discrete structural systems (e.g. offshore jacket structures). Performance indicators that are used for measuring the reserve and residual strength of structures are discussed and appropriate measures are selected for use in this study.
The report then draws back together the results from published investigations. There appears to be a trend that the reliability (i.e. factor of safety) in sagging is lower than that for hogging.
However, there is considerable variability in this, and so each hull arrangement needs to be considered on it’s own merits. Differences in reliability for sagging and hogging should ideally be minimized at the design stage for new installations, although there may be operational measures that can be adopted for existing installations.
Results from published investigations are then reinterpreted using the newly developed performance measures. Using simplified procedures for determining ultimate strength, five FPSOs representative of the North Sea fleet are also analysed. It is shown that hull configurations and relative member properties are important influences. Differences in the definitions of strength measures are noted, underlining difficulties in drawing comparisons between various FPSOs. However, it is clear that the margin (usually referred to as reserve strength) between the load corresponding to first component failure and the load corresponding to ultimate strength can vary considerably. It is also noted that the margin (usually referred to as the residual strength) between the load corresponding to ultimate strength and the load corresponding to some pre-defined displacement beyond the ultimate strength can vary considerably. It is concluded that there is no measure that can be used on its own to describe the performance of FPSO structures under extreme loading.

VESSEL OPERATOR ENGINE EMISSIONS MEASUREMENT GUIDE

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Exhaust emissions monitoring has become an increasingly important issue as the marine
transportation community seeks to reduce air emissions. However, estimates of current and projected pollution from marine engines are based largely on emissions calculations rather than onboard measurements. These calculations make standard assumptions about vessel operations, engine load profiles, and emissions characteristics in the same way that emissions estimates are calculated for other air pollution sources. While this approach has been proven effective for large-scale inventories of emissions from well-understood sources like factories and cars, these methods may be less accurate when applied to sources that have not been extensively studied. It is widely acknowledged that in-service engines perform differently than the new engines tested and certified by manufacturers. Moreover, individual engines may not perform like the “average engine” described using composite industry profiles or international standards.
The Maritime Administration (MARAD), in support of U.S. fleet technology development and
modernization, has provided support for some of these tests and expects more operators will choose to test their marine engine emissions,. As the principal advocate within Government for U.S. maritime interests, MARAD has initiated a Maritime Energy and Clean Emissions Program. The Program seeks to:

• Investigate and demonstrate the potential for new technologies and fuels to improve marine power plant efficiency and to reduce air emissions.
• Provide guidance and information on maritime energy and emissions regulatory and policy issues.
• Protect the human and natural environment directly in contact with marine activity.

This document provides general guidelines and information to an operator who wants to monitor the emissions from one or more of the engines in a fleet of vessels. These guidelines are a result of a partnership between MARAD, the University of Delaware, and industry to research, develop, and disseminate information on energy and emissions technology and technology applications.
This report provides background discussion and outlines several reasons operators may choose to have their vessels tested. The include improving engine efficiency, meeting regulations, demonstrating environmental stewardship, and contributing to public knowledge and research.
Fundamentals of emissions testing are presented, along with a summary of existing standard protocols.

Laporan KNKT Kecelakaan kapal MT Maulana

KOMITE NASIONAL KESELAMATAN TRANSPORTASI
LAPORAN INVESTIGASI KECELAKAAN KAPAL LAUT MELEDAKNYA MT. MAULANA
TIKUNGAN TELEPUNG, SUNGAI SIAK, RIAU
25 APRIL 2007


INGIN BACA SELENGKAPNYA: FULL REPORT


Pada tangal 24 April 2007, pukul 09.45 WIB, MT. Maulana sandar kiri di Jetty No. 1Pertamina Pekanbaru, Riau. Kemudian pada pukul 10.36 MT. Maulana melakukan bongkar muatan yang berupa ADO/Solar sampai dengan pukul 19.06 WIB.
Pada tanggal 25 April 2007, pukul 08.00 WIB MT. Maulana mulai bertolak dari Jetty No.1 Pekanbaru menuju pelabuhan Dumai untuk memuat premium sebanyak 1600 Kl. kapal berlayar sambil melaksanakan pembebasan gas (gas freeing) secara alami dengan membuka semua bukaan tangki (ullage, vent, dll)
Pada pukul 10.58 WIB, salah seorang awak kapal (serang) melihat adanya asap keluar dari Terminal listrik yang berada di bawah manifold tengah, dan segera melaporkan kepada nakhoda di anjungan, usaha pemadaman dilakukan dengan menggunakan pemadam jinjing dilakukan oleh Masinis II, Juru Minyak, Serang dan Kadet (Taruna Praktek). Ketika mendekati terminal listrik yang berasap, terjadi ledakan tangki muat 3 kiri dan kanan. Ledakan terjadi pada pukul 11.00 WIB. Lokasi Kecelakaan di daerah tingkungan kiri Telepung (00o 44’ 50” LU – 101o 42’ 25” BT).
Setelah ledakan, Nakhoda segera mengambil tindakan untuk mengkandaskan kapal, dan memerintahkan awak kapal untuk menggunakan jaket pelampung dan kemudian meninggalkan kapal (abandonship). Pemadaman terus dilakukan dari sisi sungai dengan dibantu masyarakat sekitar, POLAIR dan TNI-AL pos Perawang.
Hingga pada pukul 13.30, nakhoda memerintahkan awak kapal kembali ke kapal untuk melakukan pendinginan geladak dan proses evakuasi korban.
Akibat dari meledaknya MT. Maulana ini, 4 Awak kapal meninggal dunia dan kerusakan berat pada geladak tangki muat 3 kiri dan kanan, serta sistem perpipaan yang ada di atasnya.
Segera dilakukan investigasi oleh KNKT, yang ditemukan dari hasil analisis penyebab meledaknya MT. Maulana disebabkan oleh adanya kebocoran pipa hawa yng berdekatan dengan terminal listrik yang terbakarnya isolasi kabel dan atau material pembungkus kabel.
Investigasi ini menghasilkan beberapa rekomendasi yang ditujukan kepada pemerintah selaku regulator, pemilik kapal selaku operator, juga kepada awak kapal.

Laporan Kecelakaan Kapal

Ingin baca seluruhnya? Klik : FULL REPORT


MARINE ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION BRANCH

Summary of Investigations No 2/94
Marine Accident Investigation Branch
5/7 Brunswick Place
SOUTHAMPTON
Hants SO15 2AN
Telephone : 0703 395500
Accident Reporting Line 071 276 6004 (24 hours)

This summary contains facts which have been determined up to the time of issue. This information is published to inform the shipping industry and the public of the general circumstances of accidents and must necessarily be regarded as tentative and subject to alteration or correction if additional evidence becomes available.

Extracts can be published without specific permission providing that the source is duly acknowledged.

INDEX

• Introduction
• Grounding of Oil Tanker after Windlass Failure
• Panic Action leads to Loss of Ship
• Fatal Accident whilst Opening Hatch Covers
• Cargo Shift causes Vessel to be Beached
• Over-pressurisation of Cargo Tank during Ballasting Operations of a VLCC
• Stand-by Safety Vessel puts Offshore Installation at Risk
• Two Fires involving Lubricating Oil Filter Installation
• Inadvertent Release of CO,
• Stand-by Safety Vessel collides with Tow and Sinks
• Undue Reliance placed upon VTS Radio Communication
• Passengers Injured in River Collision
• Collision in Fog
• Major Injury caused by Revolving Propeller Shaft
• Collision between Gill Netter and Gas Carrier
• Hazards of Fishing near Traffic Lanes
• Man Swept Overboard by Large Wave
• Small Fishing Vessel is pulled under by Winch
• Injury caused by Incorrect Operation of Equipment on board a Fishing Vessel
• Any Means of Access must be Safe
• First Aid Saves Life of Fisherman
• Appendix A - Investigations Commenced in the Period 01/04/94 - 31/07/94
• Appendix B - MAIB Priced Publications available from HMSO
• Appendix C - HMSO Stockists and Distributors Overseas

Laporan Kecelakaan Kapal

laporan ini berkaitan dengan kecelakaan kapal. Bisa digunakan untuk referensi kuliah marine safety.
Jika ingin membaca isi laporan silakan klik: FULL REPORT


MARINE ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION BRANCH

Marine Accident Investigation Branch
5/7 Brunswick Place
SOUTHHAMPTON
Hants SO1 2AN
Telephone: 0703 232424
Accident Reporting Line: 071 276 6004 (24 hours)

This summary contains facts which have been determined up to the time of issue. This information is published to inform the shipping industry and the public of the general circumstances of accidents and must necessarily be regarded as tentative and subject to alteration or correction if additional evidence becomes available.


INDEX :

• Introduction
• Entry into Dangerous Spaces
• Collision on a River between a Coaster and Tanker Barge
• Loss of a Sailing Vessel
• Fire in a Cofferdam of a Chemical Tanker
• Impact Damage whilst Un-Berthing
• Injury to Coach Passenger on a Passenger Ro-Ro Ferry
• Loss of a Small Cargo Ship
• Collision between a Hopper and a Sludge Carrier
• Cargo Hold Fire
• Stranding of a New Ferry
• Fish Farm Dinghy Accident
• Serious Injuries Sustained using a Capstan whilst Purse-Seining
• Capsize and Foundering of a Small Fishing Launch
• Sinking of a Small Fishing Vessel
• Danger from Mines: Sinking of a Fishing Vessel